Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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dc.contributor.authorMurray, Christopher J. L.
dc.contributor.authorAravkin, Aleksandr Y.
dc.contributor.authorZheng, Peng
dc.contributor.authorAbbafati, Cristiana
dc.contributor.authorAbbas, Kaja M.
dc.contributor.authorAbbasi Kangevari, Mohsen
dc.contributor.authorAbd Allah, Foad
dc.contributor.authorAbdelalim, Ahmed
dc.contributor.authorAbdollahi, Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorAbdollahpour, Ibrahim
dc.contributor.authorAbegaz, Kedir Hussein
dc.contributor.authorAbolhassani, Hassan
dc.contributor.authorAboyans, Victor
dc.contributor.authorAbreu, Lucas Guimarães
dc.contributor.authorAbrigo, Michael R. M.
dc.contributor.authorAbualhasan, Ahmed
dc.contributor.authorAbu Raddad, Laith Jamal
dc.contributor.authorAbushouk, Abdelrahman I.
dc.contributor.authorAdabi, Maryam
dc.contributor.authorAdekanmbi, Victor
dc.contributor.authorAdeoye, Abiodun Moshood
dc.contributor.authorAdetokunboh, Olatunji O.
dc.contributor.authorAdham, Davoud
dc.contributor.authorAdvani, Shailesh M.
dc.contributor.authorAgarwal, Gina
dc.contributor.authorAghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem
dc.contributor.authorAgrawal, Anurag
dc.contributor.authorAhmad, Tauseef
dc.contributor.authorAhmadi, Keivan
dc.contributor.authorAhmadi, Mehdi
dc.contributor.authorAhmadieh, Hamid
dc.contributor.authorAhmed, Muktar Beshir
dc.contributor.authorAkalu, Temesgen Yihunie
dc.contributor.authorAkinyemi, Rufus Olusola
dc.contributor.authorAkinyemiju, Tomi
dc.contributor.authorAkombi, Blessing
dc.contributor.authorAkunna, Chisom Joyqueenet
dc.contributor.authorAlahdab, Fares
dc.contributor.authorAl Aly, Ziyad
dc.contributor.authorAlam, Khurshid
dc.contributor.authorAlam, Samiah
dc.contributor.authorAlam, Tahiya
dc.contributor.authorAlanezi, Fahad Mashhour
dc.contributor.authorAlanzi, Turki M.
dc.contributor.authorAlemu, Biresaw wassihun
dc.contributor.authorAlhabib, Khalid F.
dc.contributor.authorAli, Muhammad
dc.contributor.authorAli, Saqib
dc.contributor.authorAlicandro, Gianfranco
dc.contributor.authorAlinia, Cyrus
dc.contributor.authorAlipour, Vahid
dc.contributor.authorAlizade, Hesam
dc.contributor.authorAljunid, Syed Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorAlla, François
dc.contributor.authorAllebeck, Peter
dc.contributor.authorAlmasi Hashiani, Amir
dc.contributor.authorAl Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
dc.contributor.authorAlonso, Jordi
dc.contributor.authorAltirkawi, Khalid A.
dc.contributor.authorAmini Rarani, Mostafa
dc.contributor.authorAmiri, Fatemeh
dc.contributor.authorAmugsi, Dickson A.
dc.contributor.authorAncuceanu, Robert
dc.contributor.authorAnderlini, Deanna
dc.contributor.authorAnderson, Jason A.
dc.contributor.authorAndrei, Catalina Liliana
dc.contributor.authorAndrei, Tudorel
dc.contributor.authorAngus, Colin
dc.contributor.authorAnjomshoa, Mina
dc.contributor.authorAnsari, Fereshteh
dc.contributor.authorAnsari Moghaddam, Alireza
dc.contributor.authorAntonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo
dc.contributor.authorAntonio, Carl Abelardo T.
dc.contributor.authorAntony, Catherine M.
dc.contributor.authorAntriyandarti, Ernoiz
dc.contributor.authorAnvari, Davood
dc.contributor.authorAnwer, Razique
dc.contributor.authorAppiah, Seth Christopher Yaw
dc.contributor.authorArabloo, Jalal
dc.contributor.authorArab Zozani, Morteza
dc.contributor.authorAriani, Filippo
dc.contributor.authorArmoon, Bahram
dc.contributor.authorÄrnlöv, Johan
dc.contributor.authorArzani, Afsaneh
dc.contributor.authorAsadi Aliabadi, Mehran
dc.contributor.authorAsadi Pooya, Ali A.
dc.contributor.authorAshbaugh, Charlie
dc.contributor.authorAssmus, Michael
dc.contributor.authorAtafar, Zahra
dc.contributor.authorAtnafu, Desta Debalkie
dc.contributor.authorAtout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi
dc.contributor.authorAusloos, Floriane
dc.contributor.authorAusloos, Marcel
dc.contributor.authorAyala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina
dc.contributor.authorAyano, Getinet
dc.contributor.authorAyanore, Martin Amogre
dc.contributor.authorAzari, Samad
dc.contributor.authorAzarian, Ghasem
dc.contributor.authorAzene, Zelalem Nigussie
dc.contributor.authorBadawi, Alaa
dc.contributor.authorBadiye, Ashish D.
dc.contributor.authorBahrami, Mohammad Amin
dc.contributor.authorBakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein
dc.contributor.authorBakhtiari, Ahad
dc.contributor.authorBakkannavar, Shankar M.
dc.contributor.authorBaldasseroni, Alberto
dc.contributor.authorBall, Kylie
dc.contributor.authorBallew, Shoshana H.
dc.contributor.authorBalzi, Daniela
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dc.contributor.authorBanerjee, Srikanta K.
dc.contributor.authorBante, Agegnehu Bante
dc.contributor.authorBaraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher
dc.contributor.authorBarker Collo, Suzanne Lyn
dc.contributor.authorBärnighausen, Till Winfried
dc.contributor.authorBarrero, Lope H.
dc.contributor.authorBarthelemy, Celine M.
dc.contributor.authorBarua, Lingkan
dc.contributor.authorBasu, Sanjay
dc.contributor.authorBaune, Bernhard T.
dc.contributor.authorBayati, Mohsen
dc.contributor.authorBecker, Jacob S.
dc.contributor.authorBedi, Neeraj
dc.contributor.authorBeghi, Ettore
dc.contributor.authorBéjot, Yannick
dc.contributor.authorBell, Michellr L.
dc.contributor.authorBennitt, Fiona B.
dc.contributor.authorBensenor, Isabela M.
dc.contributor.authorBerhe, Kidanemaryam
dc.contributor.authorBerman, Adam E.
dc.contributor.authorBhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
dc.contributor.authorBhageerathy, Reshmi
dc.contributor.authorBhala, Neeraj
dc.contributor.authorBhandari, Dinesh
dc.contributor.authorBhattacharyya, Krittika
dc.contributor.authorBhutta, Zulfiqar A.
dc.contributor.authorBijani, Ali
dc.contributor.authorBikbov, Boris
dc.contributor.authorBin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat
dc.contributor.authorBiondi, Antonio
dc.contributor.authorBirihane, Binyam Minuye
dc.contributor.authorBisignano, Catherine
dc.contributor.authorBiswas, Raaj Kishore
dc.contributor.authorBitew, Helen
dc.contributor.authorBohlouli, Somayeh
dc.contributor.authorBohluli, Mehdi
dc.contributor.authorBoon Dooley, Alexandra S.
dc.contributor.authorBorges, Guilherme
dc.contributor.authorBorzì, Antonio Maria
dc.contributor.authorBorzouei, Shiva
dc.contributor.authorBosetti, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorBoufous, Soufiane
dc.contributor.authorBraithwaite, Dejana
dc.contributor.authorBreitborde, Nicholas J. K.
dc.contributor.authorBreitner, Susanne
dc.contributor.authorBrenner, Hermann
dc.contributor.authorBriant, Paul Svitil
dc.contributor.authorBriko, Andrey Nikolaevich
dc.contributor.authorBriko, Nikolay Ivanovich
dc.contributor.authorBritton, Gabrielle B.
dc.contributor.authorBryazka, Dana
dc.contributor.authorBumgarner, Blair R.
dc.contributor.authorBurkart, Katrin
dc.contributor.authorBurnett, Richard Thomas
dc.contributor.authorBurugina Nagaraja, Sharath
dc.contributor.authorButt, Zahid A.
dc.contributor.authorCaetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano
dc.contributor.authorCahill, Leah E.
dc.contributor.authorCámera, Luis LA Alberto
dc.contributor.authorCampos Nonato, Ismael R.
dc.contributor.authorCárdenas, Rosario
dc.contributor.authorCarreras, Giulia
dc.contributor.authorCarrero, Juan J.
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Felix
dc.contributor.authorCastaldelli Maia, Joao Mauricio
dc.contributor.authorCastañeda Orjuela, Carlos A.
dc.contributor.authorCastelpietra, Giulio
dc.contributor.authorCastro, Franz
dc.contributor.authorCausey, Kate
dc.contributor.authorCederroth, Christopher R.
dc.contributor.authorCercy, Kelly M.
dc.contributor.authorCerin, Ester
dc.contributor.authorChandan, Joht Singh
dc.contributor.authorChang, Kai Lan
dc.contributor.authorCharlson, Fiona J.
dc.contributor.authorChattu, Vijay Kumar
dc.contributor.authorChaturvedi, Sarika
dc.contributor.authorCherbuin, Nicolas
dc.contributor.authorChimed Ochir, Odgerel
dc.contributor.authorCho, Daniel Youngwhan
dc.contributor.authorChoi, Jee Young Jasmine
dc.contributor.authorChristensen, Hanne
dc.contributor.authorChu, Dinh Toi
dc.contributor.authorChung, Michael T.
dc.contributor.authorChung, Sheng Chia
dc.contributor.authorCicuttini, Flavia M.
dc.contributor.authorCiobanu, Liliana G.
dc.contributor.authorCirillo, Massimo
dc.contributor.authorClassen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne
dc.contributor.authorCohen, Aaron J.
dc.contributor.authorCompton, Kelly
dc.contributor.authorCooper, Owen R.
dc.contributor.authorCosta, Vera Marisa
dc.contributor.authorCousin, Ewerton
dc.contributor.authorCowden, Richard G.
dc.contributor.authorCross, Di H.
dc.contributor.authorCruz, Jessica A.
dc.contributor.authorDahlawi, Saad M. A.
dc.contributor.authorDamasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura
dc.contributor.authorDamiani, Giovanni
dc.contributor.authorDandona, Lalit
dc.contributor.authorDandona, Rakhi
dc.contributor.authorDangel, William James
dc.contributor.authorDanielsson, Anna Karin
dc.contributor.authorDargan, Paul I.
dc.contributor.authorDarwesh, Aso Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorDaryani, Ahmad
dc.contributor.authorDas, Jai K.
dc.contributor.authorDas Gupta, Rajat
dc.contributor.authordas Neves, José
dc.contributor.authorDávila Cervantes, Claudio Alberto
dc.contributor.authorDavitoiu, Dragos Virgil
dc.contributor.authorDe Leo, Diego
dc.contributor.authorDegenhardt, Louisa
dc.contributor.authorDeLang, Marissa
dc.contributor.authorDellavalle, Robert Paul
dc.contributor.authorDemeke, Feleke Mekonnen
dc.contributor.authorDemoz, Gebre Teklemariam
dc.contributor.authorDemsie, Desalegn Getnet
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dc.contributor.authorDervenis, Nikolaos
dc.contributor.authorDhungana, Govinda Prasad
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dc.contributor.authorDias da Silva, Diana
dc.contributor.authorDiaz, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorDibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat
dc.contributor.authorDjalalinia, Shirin
dc.contributor.authorDo, Hoa Thi
dc.contributor.authorDokova, Klara
dc.contributor.authorDorostkar, Fariba
dc.contributor.authorDoshmangir, Leila
dc.contributor.authorDriscoll, Tim Robert
dc.contributor.authorDuncan, Bruce B.
dc.contributor.authorDuraes, Andre Rodrigues |
dc.contributor.authorEagan, Arielle Wilder
dc.contributor.authorEdvardsson, David
dc.contributor.authorEl Nahas, Nevine
dc.contributor.authorEl Sayed, Iman
dc.contributor.authorEl Tantawi, Maha
dc.contributor.authorElbarazi, Iffat
dc.contributor.authorElgendy, Islam Y.
dc.contributor.authorEl Jaafary, Shaimaa I.
dc.contributor.authorElyazar, Iqbal RF
dc.contributor.authorEmmons Bell, Sophia
dc.contributor.authorErskine, Holly E.
dc.contributor.authorEskandarieh, Sharareh
dc.contributor.authorEsmaeilnejad, Saman
dc.contributor.authorEsteghamati, Alireza
dc.contributor.authorEstep, Kara
dc.contributor.authorEtemadi, Arash
dc.contributor.authorEtisso, Atkilt
dc.contributor.authorEsaiyas Fanzo, Jessica
dc.contributor.authorFarahmand, Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorFareed, Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorFaridnia, Roghiyeh
dc.contributor.authorFarioli, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorFaro, Andre
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dc.contributor.authorFarzadfar, Farshad
dc.contributor.authorFattahi, Nazir
dc.contributor.authorFazlzadeh, Mehdi
dc.contributor.authorFeigin, Valery L.
dc.contributor.authorFeldman, Rachel
dc.contributor.authorFereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorFernandes, Eduarda
dc.contributor.authorFerrara, Giannina
dc.contributor.authorFerrari, Alize J.
dc.contributor.authorFerreira, Manuela L.
dc.contributor.authorFilip, Irina
dc.contributor.authorFischer, Florian
dc.contributor.authorFisher, James L.
dc.contributor.authorFlor, Luisa Sorio
dc.contributor.authorFoigt, Nataliya A.
dc.contributor.authorFolayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
dc.contributor.authorFomenkov, Artem Alekseevich
dc.contributor.authorForce, Lisa M.
dc.contributor.authorForoutan, Masoud
dc.contributor.authorFranklin, Richard Charles
dc.contributor.authorFreitas, Marisa
dc.contributor.authorFu, Weijia
dc.contributor.authorFukumoto, Takeshi
dc.contributor.authorFurtado, João M.
dc.contributor.authorGad, Mohamed M.
dc.contributor.authorGakidou, Emmanuela
dc.contributor.authorGallus, Silvano
dc.contributor.authorGarcia Basteiro, Alberto L.
dc.contributor.authorGardner, William M.
dc.contributor.authorGeberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle
dc.contributor.authorGebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew
dc.contributor.authorGeremew, Abraham
dc.contributor.authorGershberg Hayoon, Anna
dc.contributor.authorGething, Peter W.
dc.contributor.authorGhadimi, Maryam
dc.contributor.authorGhadiri, Keyghobad
dc.contributor.authorGhaffarifar, Fatemeh
dc.contributor.authorGhafourifard, Mansour
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dc.contributor.authorGhashghaee, Ahmad
dc.contributor.authorGhiasvand, Hesam
dc.contributor.authorGhith, Nermin
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dc.contributor.authorGhosh, Rakesh
dc.contributor.authorGill, Paramjit Singh
dc.contributor.authorGinindza, Themba G. G.
dc.contributor.authorGiussani, Giorgia
dc.contributor.authorGnedovskaya, Elena V.
dc.contributor.authorGoharinezhad, Salime
dc.contributor.authorGopalani, Sameer Vali
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dc.contributor.authorGoudarzi, Houman
dc.contributor.authorGoulart, Alessandra C.
dc.contributor.authorGreaves, Felix
dc.contributor.authorGrivna, Michal
dc.contributor.authorGrosso, Giuseppe
dc.contributor.authorGubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
dc.contributor.authorGugnani, Harish Chander
dc.contributor.authorGuimarães, Rafael Alves
dc.contributor.authorGuled, Rashid Abdi
dc.contributor.authorGuo, Gaorui
dc.contributor.authorGuo, Yuming
dc.contributor.authorGupta, Rajeev
dc.contributor.authorGupta, Tarun
dc.contributor.authorHaddock, Beatrix
dc.contributor.authorHafezi Nejad, Nima
dc.contributor.authorHafiz, Abdul
dc.contributor.authorHaj Mirzaian, Arvin
dc.contributor.authorHaj Mirzaian, Arya
dc.contributor.authorHall, Brian J.
dc.contributor.authorHalvaei, Iman
dc.contributor.authorHamadeh, Randah R.
dc.contributor.authorHamidi, Samer
dc.contributor.authorHammer, Melanie S.
dc.contributor.authorHankey, Graeme J.
dc.contributor.authorHaririan, Hamidreza
dc.contributor.authorHaro, Josep Maria
dc.contributor.authorHasaballah, Ahmed I.
dc.contributor.authorHasan, Md Mehedi
dc.contributor.authorHasanpoor, Edris
dc.contributor.authorHashi, Abdiwahab
dc.contributor.authorHassanipour, Soheil
dc.contributor.authorHassankhani, Hadi
dc.contributor.authorHavmoeller, Rasmus J.
dc.contributor.authorHay, Simon I.
dc.contributor.authorHayat, Khezar
dc.contributor.authorHeidari, Golnaz
dc.contributor.authorHeidari Soureshjani, Reza
dc.contributor.authorHenrikson, Hannah J.
dc.contributor.authorHerbert, Molly E.
dc.contributor.authorHerteliu, Claudiu
dc.contributor.authorHeydarpour, Fatemeh
dc.contributor.authorHird, Thomas R.
dc.contributor.authorHoek, Hans W.
dc.contributor.authorHolla, Ramesh
dc.contributor.authorHoogar, Praveen
dc.contributor.authorHosgood, H. Dean
dc.contributor.authorHossain, Naznin
dc.contributor.authorHosseini, Mostafa
dc.contributor.authorHosseinzadeh, Mehdi
dc.contributor.authorHostiuc, Mihaela
dc.contributor.authorHostiuc, Sorin
dc.contributor.authorHouseh, Mowafa
dc.contributor.authorHsairi, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorHsieh, Vivian Chia Rong
dc.contributor.authorHu, Guoqing
dc.contributor.authorHu, Kejia
dc.contributor.authorHuda, Tanvir M.
dc.contributor.authorHumayun, Ayesha
dc.contributor.authorHuynh, Chantal K.
dc.contributor.authorHwang, Bing Fang
dc.contributor.authorIannucci, Vincent C.
dc.contributor.authorIbitoye, Segun Emmanuel
dc.contributor.authorIkeda, Nayu
dc.contributor.authorIkuta, Kevin S.
dc.contributor.authorIlesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
dc.contributor.authorIlic, Irena M.
dc.contributor.authorIlic, Milena D.
dc.contributor.authorInbaraj, Leeberk Raja
dc.contributor.authorIppolito, Helen
dc.contributor.authorIqbal, Usman
dc.contributor.authorIrvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi
dc.contributor.authorIrvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter
dc.contributor.authorIslam, M. Mofizul
dc.contributor.authorIslam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
dc.contributor.authorIso, Hiroyasu
dc.contributor.authorIvers, Rebecca Q.
dc.contributor.authorIwu, Chidozie C. D.
dc.contributor.authorIwu, Chinwe Juliana
dc.contributor.authorIyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi
dc.contributor.authorJaafari, Jalil
dc.contributor.authorJacobsen, Kathryn H.
dc.contributor.authorJafari, Hussain
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dc.contributor.authorJahani, Mohammad Ali
dc.contributor.authorJakovljevic, Mihajlo
dc.contributor.authorJalilian, Farzad
dc.contributor.authorJames, Spencer L.
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dc.contributor.authorJavaheri, Tahereh
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dc.contributor.authorJeemon, Panniyammakal
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dc.contributor.authorJha, Ravi Prakash
dc.contributor.authorJha, Vivekanand
dc.contributor.authorJi, John S.
dc.contributor.authorJohansson, Lars
dc.contributor.authorJohn, Oommen
dc.contributor.authorJohn Akinola, Yetunde O.
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Catherine Owens
dc.contributor.authorJonas, Jost B.
dc.contributor.authorJoukar, Farahnaz
dc.contributor.authorJozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
dc.contributor.authorJürisson, Mikk
dc.contributor.authorKabir, Ali
dc.contributor.authorKabir, Zubair
dc.contributor.authorKalani, Hamed
dc.contributor.authorKalani, Rizwan
dc.contributor.authorKalankesh, Leila R.
dc.contributor.authorKalhor, Rohollah
dc.contributor.authorKanchan, Tanuj
dc.contributor.authorKapoor, Neeti
dc.contributor.authorKarami Matin, Behzad
dc.contributor.authorKarch, André
dc.contributor.authorKarim, Mohd Anisul
dc.contributor.authorKassa, Getachew Mullu
dc.contributor.authorKatikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
dc.contributor.authorKayode, Gbenga A.
dc.contributor.authorKazemi Karyani, Ali
dc.contributor.authorKeiyoro, Peter Njenga
dc.contributor.authorKeller, Cathleen
dc.contributor.authorKemmer, Laura
dc.contributor.authorKendrick, Parkes J.
dc.contributor.authorKhalid, Nauman
dc.contributor.authorKhammarnia, Mohammad
dc.contributor.authorKhan, Ejaz Ahmad
dc.contributor.authorKhan, Maseer
dc.contributor.authorKhatab, Khaled
dc.contributor.authorKhater, Mona M.
dc.contributor.authorKhatib, Mahalaqua Nazli
dc.contributor.authorKhayamzadeh, Maryam
dc.contributor.authorKhazaei, Salman
dc.contributor.authorKieling, Christian
dc.contributor.authorKim, Yun Jin
dc.contributor.authorKimokoti, Ruth W.
dc.contributor.authorKisa, Adnan
dc.contributor.authorKisa, Sezer
dc.contributor.authorKivimäki, Mika
dc.contributor.authorKnibbs, Luke D.
dc.contributor.authorKnudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo
dc.contributor.authorKocarnik, Jonathan M.
dc.contributor.authorKochhar, Sonali
dc.contributor.authorKopec, Jacek A.
dc.contributor.authorKorshunov, Vladimir Andreevich
dc.contributor.authorKoul, Parvaiz A.
dc.contributor.authorKoyanagi, Ai
dc.contributor.authorKraemer, Moritz U. G.
dc.contributor.authorKrishan, Kewal
dc.contributor.authorKrohn, Kris J.
dc.contributor.authorKromhout, Hans
dc.contributor.authorKuate Defo, Barthelemy
dc.contributor.authorKumar, G. Anil
dc.contributor.authorKumar, Vivek
dc.contributor.authorKurmi, Om P.
dc.contributor.authorKusuma, Dian
dc.contributor.authorLa Vecchia, Carlo
dc.contributor.authorLacey, Ben
dc.contributor.authorLal, Dharmesh Kumar
dc.contributor.authorLalloo, Ratilal
dc.contributor.authorLallukka, Tea
dc.contributor.authorLami, Faris Hasan
dc.contributor.authorLandires, Iván
dc.contributor.authorLang, Justin J.
dc.contributor.authorLangan, Sinéad M.
dc.contributor.authorLarsson, Anders O.
dc.contributor.authorLasrado, Savita
dc.contributor.authorLauriola, Paolo
dc.contributor.authorLazarus, Jeffrey V.
dc.contributor.authorLee, Paul H.
dc.contributor.authorLee, Shaun Wen Huey
dc.contributor.authorLeGrand, Kate E.
dc.contributor.authorLeigh, James
dc.contributor.authorLeonardi, Matilde
dc.contributor.authorLescinsky, Haley
dc.contributor.authorLeung, Janni
dc.contributor.authorLevi, Miriam
dc.contributor.authorLi, Shanshan
dc.contributor.authorLim, Lee Ling
dc.contributor.authorLinn, Shai
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Shiwei
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Simin
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Yang
dc.contributor.authorLo, Justin
dc.contributor.authorLopez, Alan D.
dc.contributor.authorLopez, Jaifred Christian F.
dc.contributor.authorLopukhov, Platon D.
dc.contributor.authorLorkowski, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorLotufo, Paulo A.
dc.contributor.authorLu, Alton
dc.contributor.authorLugo, Alessandra
dc.contributor.authorMaddison, Emilie R.
dc.contributor.authorMahasha, Phetole Walter
dc.contributor.authorMahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi
dc.contributor.authorMahmoudi, Morteza
dc.contributor.authorMajeed, Azeem
dc.contributor.authorMaleki, Afshin
dc.contributor.authorMaleki, Shokofeh
dc.contributor.authorMalekzadeh, Reza
dc.contributor.authorMalta, Deborah Carvalho
dc.contributor.authorMamun, Abdullah A.
dc.contributor.authorManda, Ana Laura
dc.contributor.authorManguerra, Helena
dc.contributor.authorMansour Ghanaei, Fariborz
dc.contributor.authorMansouri, Borhan
dc.contributor.authorMansournia, Mohammad Ali
dc.contributor.authorMantilla Herrera, Ana M.
dc.contributor.authorMaravilla, Joemer C.
dc.contributor.authorMarks, Ashley
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dc.contributor.authorMartini, Santi
dc.contributor.authorMartins Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
dc.contributor.authorMasaka, Anthony
dc.contributor.authorMasoumi, Seyedeh Zahra
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dc.contributor.authorMatsushita, Kunihiro
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dc.contributor.authorMcAlinden, Colm
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dc.date.accessioned2021-03-01T15:59:19Z
dc.date.available2021-03-01T15:59:19Z
dc.description.abstractenglishBackground Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public.eng
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2
dc.identifier.instnameinstname:Universidad El Bosquespa
dc.identifier.issn1474-547X
dc.identifier.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquespa
dc.identifier.repourlrepourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/5479
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherElsevier Ltd.spa
dc.publisher.journalThe Lancetspa
dc.relation.ispartofseriesThe Lancet, 1474-547X, Vol. 396, Nro. 10258, p. 1135-1159spa
dc.relation.urihttps://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30752-2/fulltext
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.accessrightshttps://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.accessrightsAcceso abierto
dc.rights.creativecommons2020
dc.rights.localAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subject.keywordsEnvironmental healthspa
dc.subject.keywordsRelative riskspa
dc.subject.keywordsPublic healthspa
dc.titleGlobal burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019spa
dc.title.translatedGlobal burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019spa
dc.type.coarhttps://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasversioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.localArtículo de revista

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