Desarrollo de un prototipo de alimento funcional a base de polisacáridos de hongos macromicetos. Fase I: análisis proximal y extracción de la fracción polisacárida

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dc.contributor.advisorRobayo Medina, Angie Tatiana
dc.contributor.advisorParra Amin, Jorge Emilio
dc.contributor.advisorVelandia Paris, Maria Angélica
dc.contributor.authorOcampo Báez, Lía Victoria
dc.contributor.orcidOcampo Báez, Lía Victoria [0009-0005-3528-9507]
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-09T20:52:39Z
dc.date.available2024-05-09T20:52:39Z
dc.date.issued2023-05
dc.description.abstractEl término seta se refiere a un macrohongo con un cuerpo fructífero distintivo, el cual puede ser hipogeo o epigeo y lo suficientemente grande para ser visto a simple vista, por lo tanto pueden ser fácilmente recolectados a mano. Las setas comestibles son hongos filamentosos superiores, generalmente de los filos Basidiomycota y Ascomycota, las cuales son ampliamente reconocidas por su riqueza nutricional, su bajo valor calórico, su sabor y sus propiedades nutracéuticas (1), dentro de las que podemos resaltar el fortalecimiento de la función inmunitaria, el equilibrio de los niveles sanguíneos de glucosa, la reducción del crecimiento de tumores y el riesgo de padecer cáncer (2). Los beneficios de sus compuestos bioactivos han sido aprovechados en la medicina tradicional, a través del consumo de setas enteras, extractos de cuerpos fructíferos o micelio, y fracciones enriquecidas o compuestos aislados (3). Distintas investigaciones han logrado dilucidar que algunos polisacáridos de Lentinula edodes, Trametes versicolor y Agaricus bisporus pueden prevenir el cáncer de mama y de próstata, gracias a la inhibición de las enzimas 5-alfa-reductasa y aromatasa, responsables del crecimiento de los tumores cancerosos (12). Estudios más recientes demostraron que los polisacáridos de basidiomicetos pueden inhibir la proliferación celular a través de la inducción de la apoptosis, de tal manera que muchos de estos polisacáridos, como el Lentinan aislado de Lentinula edodes, ya se utilizan en la terapia contra el cáncer, específicamente en la prevención de la oncogénesis y la metástasis inducida químicamente (4). Por tanto el objetivo principal de la presente investigación, en su primera parte busca determinar la composición proximal de cuatro especies de hongos cultivadas en la Sabana de Bogotá (Lentinula edodes, Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus y Grifola frondosa), siguiendo metodologías propias del análisis proximal de alimentos proporcionados por la AOAC (Asociación de Químicos Analíticos Oficiales por sus siglas en inglés), a partir de la determinación del contenido de nutrientes de las setas estudiadas; se destaca el alto contenido de proteínas (8-22%), alto contenido de fibra dietética (5-9%), además de su bajo porcentaje de grasa (1-4%). Adicionalmente, se determinó que el contenido de polisacáridos en estos cuatro hongos macromicetos comestibles se encuentra entre 1 y 21%. La caracterización reológica de esta fracción permitió clasificarlos como fluidos no- Newtonianos de tipo pseudoplásticos. Finalmente a partir de la información obtenida se pudo concluir que las setas estudiadas son una buena alternativa alimenticia para incorporación en un alimento funcional, atendiendo a sus propiedades nutracéuticas y tecnológicas.
dc.description.abstractenglishThe term mushroom refers to a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which may be hypogeous or epigeous and large enough to be seen with the naked eye, therefore they can be easily harvested by hand. Edible mushrooms are higher filamentous fungi, generally of the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, which are widely recognised for their nutritional richness, low calorific value, taste and nutraceutical properties (1), including strengthening immune function, balancing blood glucose levels, reducing tumor growth and cancer risk (2). The benefits of its bioactive compounds have been harnessed in traditional medicine, through the consumption of whole mushrooms, extracts of fruiting bodies or mycelium, and enriched fractions or isolated compounds (3). Research has shown that polysaccharides from Lentinula edodes, Trametes versicolor and Agaricus bisporus can prevent breast and prostate cancer by inhibiting the enzymes 5-alpha-reductase and aromatase, which are responsible for the growth of cancerous tumors (12). More recent studies have shown that polysaccharides from basidiomycetes can inhibit cell proliferation through the induction of apoptosis, such that many of these polysaccharides, such as Lentinan isolated from Lentinula edodes, are already used in cancer therapy, specifically in the prevention of oncogenesis and chemically induced metastasis (4). Therefore, the main objective of this research, in its first part, is to determine the proximal composition of four species of mushrooms cultivated in the Sabana de Bogotá (Lentinula edodes, Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Grifola frondosa), following methodologies for the proximal analysis of food provided by the AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), based on the determination of the nutrient content of the mushrooms studied; The high protein content (8-22%), high dietary fiber content (5-9%) and low fat content (1-4%) are highlighted. In addition, the polysaccharide content of these four edible macromycete mushrooms was found to be between 1 and 21%. The rheological characterisation of this fraction allowed classifying them as non-Newtonian fluids of the pseudoplastic type. Finally, based on the information obtained, it was possible to conclude that the mushrooms studied are a good food alternative for incorporation into a functional food, due to their nutraceutical and technological properties.
dc.description.degreelevelPregradospa
dc.description.degreelevelQuímico Farmacéuticospa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad El Bosquespa
dc.identifier.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosquespa
dc.identifier.repourlrepourl:https://repositorio.unbosque.edu.co
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/12093
dc.language.isoes
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.grantorUniversidad El Bosquespa
dc.publisher.programQuímica Farmacéuticaspa
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dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.subjectLentinula edodes
dc.subjectHericium erinaceus
dc.subjectGrifola frondosa
dc.subjectPleurotus ostreatus
dc.subjectAnálisis proximal
dc.subjectPolisacáridos
dc.subjectAlimento funcional
dc.subjectCaracterización reológica
dc.subject.ddc615.19
dc.subject.keywordsLentinula edodes
dc.subject.keywordsHericium erinaceus
dc.subject.keywordsGrifola frondosa
dc.subject.keywordsPleurotus ostreatus
dc.subject.keywordsProximate analysis
dc.subject.keywordsPolysaccharides
dc.subject.keywordsFunctional food
dc.subject.keywordsRheological characterisation
dc.titleDesarrollo de un prototipo de alimento funcional a base de polisacáridos de hongos macromicetos. Fase I: análisis proximal y extracción de la fracción polisacárida
dc.title.translatedDevelopment of a functional food prototype based on polysaccharides from macromycete fungi. Phase I: proximate analysis and extraction of the polysaccharide fraction.
dc.type.coarhttps://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.coarversionhttps://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.hasversioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.localTesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Pregrado

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Química Farmacéutica